Gulangyu is celebrated for its well-preserved historical architecture and vibrant music culture. In the 19th century, following the Opium Wars and the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, Xiamen became a treaty port, leading to the establishment of foreign settlements on Gulangyu. By 1902, thirteen countries, including Britain, France, and the Netherlands, had established extraterritorial rights on the island under the governance of the Gulangyu Municipal Committee, mirroring the administrative structure of the Shanghai International Settlement 2.
This period saw the construction of over 1,000 buildings reflecting various architectural styles, earning the island the nickname "Museum of World Architecture." Notable landmarks include Sunlight Rock, Shuzhuang Garden, Haoyue Park, Yuyuan, and the iconic Wind Organ Museum and Piano Museum, which highlight the island's reputation as the "Piano Island" or "Home of Music"
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